What does "ad libitum" mean in musical performance?

"Ad libitum" translates from Latin to mean "at one's pleasure" or "at liberty." In the context of musical performance, it indicates that the performer has the freedom to interpret the music in a way that they feel is best, which may involve variations in tempo, dynamics, or even the choice of certain passages to be played or omitted. This term encourages a personal and expressive interpretation rather than adhering strictly to the written score.

The other options do not align with the meaning of "ad libitum." For instance, the phrase does not imply following a conductor's directions or maintaining a strict tempo, which would restrict the performer's artistic liberties. Instead, "ad libitum" specifically emphasizes the performer's choice and interpretative freedom, making it essential for expressive and spontaneous performance styles.