What does "tempo" refer to in music?

Tempo in music specifically refers to the speed at which a piece of music is performed. It is typically measured in beats per minute (BPM) and indicates how fast or slow the music should be played. Understanding tempo is fundamental to interpreting a piece accurately, as it affects the overall mood and character of the performance.

For example, a fast tempo can create a sense of excitement or urgency, while a slow tempo might convey calm or somber feelings. Musicians often refer to tempo markings, such as "Allegro" (fast) or "Adagio" (slow), to guide their performance. Thus, recognizing tempo enhances a musician's ability to capture the intended emotional expression of a composition.