Which English word closely matches "empfindung"?

The word "empfindung" is a German term that translates to "sensation" in English. It refers to a physical feeling or perception resulting from something that happens to or comes into contact with the body. In musical contexts, especially in discussions of expression and emotion, "empfindung" can relate to the feelings or sensations evoked by music.

The other options do not align with the meaning of "empfindung." Fear, courage, and happiness are all emotions rather than physical sensations. Sensation is the most accurate translation because it captures the essence of experiencing a physical response or feeling, which is inherent to the concept of "empfindung."